A Pilot and Mechanic Explain What’s Needed to Bring the 737 MAX Back

On December the 9th, American Airlines flew its first civilian passenger flight on the Boeing 737 MAX since its 20-month grounding.
Instead of operating a “flight to nowhere” — like it’s doing for employees — American brought the 95-or-so invited guests to its maintenance facility in Tulsa, Oklahoma. After pulling up to the aptly-named “Boeing 737 Center of Excellence” hangar, journalists — myself included — had the opportunity to hear first-hand from the top brass of American Airlines’ pilots and mechanics as to how the carrier is bringing the MAX back.

American, Boeing and the other MAX operators need to work to restore confidence in the jet. And what better way to do that than by speaking to the professionals responsible for restoring the planes to service.

“I have — and will continue — flying with my mother on this aircraft,” said Roger Steele, American’s senior mechanic overseeing the 737 retrofit program.

Steele, a 34-year veteran at the airline, explained the required changes begin with the aircraft software. For an American Airlines 737 MAX to get recertified, lines of code need to be added to the flight control computers that relate to the angle-of-attack sensors, which indirectly measure how much lift is generated by the wings.

Now, both of these sensors must be in absolute agreement as to their measurements before the MCAS, or Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System, kicks in. (Faulty angle-of-attack readings from just one single damaged sensor were cited by regulators as being partially responsible for the two MAX crashes.)

It takes about four hours to run the entire software update, similar to someone upgrading to the latest version of Windows on a laptop.

In fact, that’s exactly how the MAX’s flight control computers are updated.

An ethernet cable connects the flight deck computers to a laptop. The technician then loads the Boeing software fix to the plane, before rebooting the cockpit computers and running through a checklist to ensure that the software is up-to-date.

After the update is installed, American works with the Federal Aviation Administration to obtain an airworthiness certificate. The FAA checks the aircraft for compliance to all the new and existing documented procedures before an updated MAX is ready for its “ORF,” or operational readiness flight. After a successful ORF, the MAX is approved to fly passengers.

737 MAX angle-of-attack sensor

Prior to Wednesday, all 24 of the carrier’s MAXes were parked in Tulsa. Steele confirmed that the software fixes are on track to be installed fleet-wide by January 2021.

Two aircraft, including N308RD that flew media on Wednesday, have already been upgraded. American’s first commercial flight on the MAX is scheduled to take place in just over three weeks, on Dec. 29 from Miami (MIA) to New York LaGuardia (LGA).

While the airline’s mechanics are working to install the new software, American’s pilots are going “back to school” for a deep-dive in how to fly the plane during emergencies.

Capt. Alan Johnson, American’s senior manager for flight standards, said that “this has been a pilot-led initiative, and we’re trying to honor the sacrifice of the 346 souls moving forward.”

Johnson explained that all 2,700 of American’s Boeing 737 line pilots will go through a simulator-based training exercise before being approved to fly a MAX. American has access to four multi-million dollar simulators nationwide: one in Miami and three in the Dallas/Fort Worth metro area. There’s no firm timeline yet as to when all pilots will be retrained.

The new flight training requirements come directly from the Flight Standardization Board (FSB) report that the FAA unveiled when it formally ungrounded the jet on Nov. 18.

Pilots, in groups of four at a time, will attend an hour-long classroom-based briefing led by a flight instructor, before heading to the simulator for a two-hour session of “what could go wrong with the MAX.”

Boeing has created a new training module that simulates all types of emergencies, including a stall, runaway trim, go-around, incorrect angle-of-attack reading and more. The module was created to replicate real-world conditions. Boeing has already operated a series of test flights where it captured flight data that it could then load to the simulator profile.

Capt. Chris Hurrell, the 737 fleet captain is “very confident that these changes address all the issues that occurred during the two accidents.” Capt. Pete Gamble, who piloted the demo flights, added that “we’ve made the links in the chain of safety much greater than it was before.”

So far, 91 of the 95 flight instructors have been retrained, as well as eight maintenance pilots. These instructors will then train all the line pilots on the updated procedures.

After training, the “lines of communication” remain open; pilots are encouraged to ask questions and seek more data. “We can always ask Boeing for additional clarity,” Gamble added.

This open line of communication is how American plans to work with apprehensive crew members who might be displeased at the thought of working on MAX.

“Knowledge is power,” said Gamble. “We try to make sure that the crew has all safety information and data available, far beyond what you need to safely operate the aircraft.”

As to how American could recertify its MAXes so quickly — just two weeks after the FAA ungrounding — the mechanics cited the fact that American chose to keep its MAXes in an airworthy condition during the 20-month-long recertification process.

The aircraft didn’t sit idle. They were powered up every 10 days, and they were moved around the Tulsa airfield to keep tires rotated.

So, how well did American do at convincing the public that it’s safe to fly the MAX again? That answer will likely have to wait until the plane is back on the schedule to find out.

And until you’re ready to fly the MAX, American, and other carriers, will be flexible. David Seymour, American’s chief operating officer, confirmed that “if a customer doesn’t want to fly on a 737 MAX aircraft, they won’t have to — and they can easily be reaccomodated on another flight.”

Under this background, the 6th Annual Civil Aviation Training International Forum 2021 will be held on April 20th-21st, 2021 in Beijing, China. The forum subject is "Pioneering and Innovative, Leading New Revolution of Aviation training" aims to introduce advance ideas and methods, share successful experiences, combine with that situation of the aviation division itself, to open up more efficient and more active training mechanism.

Register your interest or get in touch with Sara for more details.